In Central America, Gangs Like MS-13 Are Bad, But Corrupt Politicians May Be Worse

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Oct 24, 2017
10:28 AM

By José Miguel Cruz, Florida International University

Photo by Walking The Tracks (Creative Commons license https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mara_Salvatrucha_Graffiti.jpg)

Is Mara Salvatrucha, the Salvadoran youth gang menacing residents in some U.S. cities, really America’s public enemy number one?

For months, the Trump administration has boasted that it would “destroy” MS-13. Then, on October 23, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions announced that he had authorized the Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Forces “to use every lawful tool to investigate MS-13.” Calling the group “the most brutal” of gangs, Sessions also linked the group to the international drug trade.

In my opinion, MS-13 has become the perfect Trump villain not because of its heinous and highly visible crimes or its dubious cartel connections but because its Central American roots play well into this administration’s anti-immigration stance.

In dragging Central America into a renewed war on youth gangs, the United States is reinforcing an errant but widely held belief that MS-13 and organized crime are Central America’s most pressing problems. I’ve studied violence and crime in the region for more than 20 years, and while gangs are a serious problem, they’re largely a symptom of a far more critical issue plaguing the region—namely, corruption.

Unraveling the Gang Myth

Mara Salvatrucha and other criminal groups certainly contribute to the record high crime rates in El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala. Transnational gangs have also instilled fear in some U.S. communities. In Long Island and Virginia, for example, MS-13 has been behind dozens of gruesome killings.

As part of his anti-immigrant posturing, Donald Trump has zeroed in on the group, asserting on July 28 that, “We will find you, we will arrest you, we will jail you and we will deport you.”

This strategy of suppression —which targets mainly low-level players, many of them teenagers— is unlikely to address the crime problem in Central America. In deporting MS-13 members, the president is simply providing seasoned recruits to Central American gangs, which have grown and thrived largely because the region’s political class protects them.

Strange Bedfellows

The most revealing case of the nexus between corruption and organized crime is El Salvador, home turf of MS-13 and of the world’s highest homicide rates.

In August, prosecutors there showed that El Salvador’s two main political parties had colluded with MS-13 and other gangs, paying them more than $300,000 for help winning the country’s 2014 presidential election. Party officials allegedly utilized MS-13 to mobilize some voters and suppress others. Still, the attorney general’s office has not indicted party leaders.

Impunity has also undermined criminal justice in Honduras. A Honduran drug cartel kingpin recently told U.S. prosecutors that drug money had financed past presidential campaigns there and may have helped President Juan Orlando Hernández into power in 2014. To date, no official probe has been launched to investigate the alleged links between the current president and Honduran criminal organizations.

Juan Orlando Hernández in 2017 (Public Domain)

Amid such visible impunity, Guatemala in some ways stands out. It has had two successive incorruptible attorneys general dedicated to fighting the country’s systemic corruption.

The current attorney general of Guatemala, Thelma Aldana, has tackled the issue head on with the help of the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala, a United Nations-supported body aimed at helping the criminal justice system take up tough crimes—including high-level corruption. The team has had some success in prosecuting powerful politicians, including former President Otto Perez Molina.

But its efforts are now being hampered by President Jimmy Morales, who has made repeated attempts to expel the commission’s head, Iván Velásquez, from the country.

Iván Velásquez in 2014 (Public Domain)

Many observers believe that these attacks are intended to quell corruption investigations against Morales and his inner circle.

The Real Problem

According to a recent study by Vanderbilt University, a majority of Guatemalans, Hondurans and Salvadorans believe that most of their politicians are corrupt.

Citizen distrust, in turn, makes it harder to fight crime and uphold the rule of law. In Central America, so many people are ready to bypass the law to tackle violence that vigilantism and extrajudicial violence have themselves become major causes of violence.

As a result, corruption in Central America has shattered most efforts to build the kinds of criminal justice institutions necessary to support a democratic society.

The Trump administration, however, has opted to renew failed law enforcement policies to tackle the problem of transnational gangs in the region. After homicide rates and gangs spun out of control in the mid-2000s, the Obama administration largely abandoned heavy-handed policies in favor of a more comprehensive approach to foreign security aid.

In a September joint meeting of Central American attorneys general with the U.S. Department of Justice, held at Florida International University, American authorities praised a recent coordinated anti-gang effort. Some 3,800 Central American gang members were charged with murders, racketeering and other serious crimes, in both the U.S. and Central America.

The attorney general of El Salvador, Douglas Meléndez, also celebrated the capture of hundreds of gang members in his country. But he said nothing about his office’s inaction vis-a-vis the party leaders accused of conspiring with those same gangs.

The whole idea that the U.S. government can make America safer by getting tough on crime in Central America is questionable. But if the Trump administration wants to try, it should at least start at the top.

Political institutions in the grip of organized crime use their power to erode the democratic rule of law in the region. They shield criminal organizations in exchange for economic support and political backing in gang-controlled barrios.

Root out corruption in the Central American ruling class, and the gangs and crooks will go down with it.

This article has been updated to reflect the latest developments in the Department of Justice’s MS-13 policy.

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.