I offer the following as a historian and political analyst and not seeking to promote whatever solution to the Puerto Rican status issue. It is decolonization by the way, but when offering an assessment of Puerto Rico’s situation, scholars should go with facts and reality and not talk like the Boricua equivalent of MAGA (and that goes for proponents and champions of statehood, status quo and independence).
For the last three decades, the statehood movement in Puerto Rico has grown steadily. Not only has the party with statehood in its platform (PNP) alternated control of the governorship and the legislature with the former dominant party (PPD), but in a series of referendums, statehood has been preferred or emerged victorious.
Low participation in some and boycott in others, along with their non-binding nature, have put the results of the referendums into question. However, the discussion is academic (or worse yet, ideological) because the main point is that supporters of statehood keep voting for it and their numbers growing—both in Puerto Rico and among state-based Puerto Rican communities.
Support for statehood has grown despite how poorly (embarrassingly so) the PNP manages the questions of cultural identity (as if they were embarrassed of being Puerto Ricans), the concept of the Puerto Rican nation (which vibrantly exists), its approach to the state-based Puerto Rican community (diaspora), and despite widespread corruption in the PNP and the nefarious effects of Ricky Rosselló and Wanda Vázquez’s incompetent administrations.
To this day, if there were a Congress-sponsored binding referendum between independence and statehood, the latter would get from 80 to 75 % of the votes. Hence the PPD blocks any such thing and refuses to participate in them. If I were a PPD strategist, that would be my play until I could come up with a redefinition of the Estado Libre Asociado.
Between supporters of independence and status quo, you may reach 45 + of the electorate. But it seems that statehood would win anyway—even without a strong mandate. That poses the problem of a people divided right down the middle when it comes to the political status. Do we want Puerto Rico as a state when about half the population does not want that option? That is something to think about.
The Associated Republic option is a rebranding of the commonwealth. Three small countries in the Pacific have such arrangement with the United States. It would never work in Puerto Rico because the first step for an Associated Republic is that Puerto Ricans renounce their U.S. citizenship.
Retaining U.S. citizenship has even more support than statehood, with most of the people voting PPD and status quo (and of course, all statehooders) wanting to keep it. So, you can actually bet on 85% of Puerto Ricans wanting to keep their U.S. citizenship.
The Puerto Rico Self-Determination Act of 2020 proposes creating a “status convention” made up of “delegates elected by Puerto Rican voters who would come up with a long-term solution for the island’s territorial status—whether that be statehood, independence, a free association or any option other than the current territorial arrangement.”
This is what was done between 1950-52, which led to the creation of the Estado Libre Asociado (Commonwealth) formula. Many oppose this in Puerto Rico (in particular statehooders) because it will put the process in the hands of a constituent assembly to decide the “decolonization” formula. PPD (status quo) and the pro-independence coalition favor it because it will amplify their voices in the process. This is the Nydia Velázquez and Alexandra Ocasio Cortez formula.
There is also support for statehood among the GOP for statehood (at least they give lip service to it)—particularly in states that have received a great number of the recent Puerto Rican exodus. The support is there because both Democrats and Republicans from Virginia to Florida and from Georgia to Texas understand that there is considerably support for statehood among newly arrived Puerto Ricans and among third and fourth generation stateside born Puerto Ricans.
Other Considerations
There are other things to consider as well:
The argument that Puerto Ricans would lose their identity if it became a state is absurd and discriminates against the state-based Puerto Rican population. It has to go. For starters, the United States is culturally diverse, and statehood (just like independence or status quo) is a political, not a cultural process. The cultural argument is always brought “we are going to lose Miss Universe, and the national team” to influence a political decision. So, a lot of people rather live in a colony so they can watch a Puerto Rican compete in Miss Universe or see our national baseball and basketball teams in international competitions (Hint: we get to keep it with independence too).
To talk about losing “our culture” if we become a state just ignores the fact that Puerto Rico has been under U.S. sovereignty for 13 decades now. An here we are. Also, state-based Puerto Ricans have kept our culture alive.
Some worry about the United States requiring a higher degree of assimilation for statehood to happen. NOT GOING TO HAPPEN.
The only kind of assimilation U.S. lawmakers want to see is economic and political—that was attained back in 1900 with the Foraker Act.
English as the only official language will be raised by racists. It is dead in the water. There is no cultural assimilation requirement that could be included in any statehood bill. The real players worry about economic and to a lesser extent political assimilation (already accomplished in 1900). What MAGA thinks about statehood or independence for Puerto Rico is irrelevant because won’t become law. That being said, statehood is not moving forward either.
Both statehooders, pro-status quo (and associated republic); and pro-independence leaders use gross disinformation and scare tactics to forward their goals.
Anti-statehood folks make the case that the poor in Puerto Rico who vote for statehood are either ignorant or want to live off “mantengo” welfare. If it sounds classist and conservative, it’s because it is. This is another argument that has to go.
There exists a branch of statehooders that is actually completely anti-Democratic and down-right fascist. They use the ghost of the Cuban Revolution (and the Venezuela of Chávez and Maduro) to instill fear, so people see as their only option “being protected by the United States.” They are similar to Puerto Rican elites using the fear of the ghost of the Haitian Revolution and a race war to make sure that progressive white criollos, free Blacks, and mulattos didn’t join in rebellion against Spain before 1898.
Finally, independence doesn’t make you part of the left just like supporting statehood doesn’t necessarily puts you in the right. There is much of both on all sides (and a lot of rabid nationalism in the independence movement).
The status question stops Puerto Rico from engaging in real politics and addressing the needs of the people to the point that Puerto Rico doesn’t have a real left—unless nationalism counts as that, which it doesn’t.
Sadly, Puerto Rico has a virulent ever-growing right present in all coalitions. It feeds off the division about status. It is anti-woman, anti-LGBTQ, anti-Black, anti-labor, anti-poor, classist, hypocritical and detrimental to Puerto Ricans here, there, and everywhere.
So the final verdict on statehood right now in 2021? Governor Pedro Pierluisi will surely push for it, but I believe that it will be done perfunctorily and just to please “el corazón del rollo” PNP. I mean, he has to, he lost a primary to Ricky Rosselló (to Ricky!) because he was out-statehooded by Ricky in 2016. So, he has to push for statehood so as not to alienate hardcore statehooders in the PNP and be primaried in 2024.
There, I think that Governor Pierluisi sees statehood is as close as it has ever been—light years away. And we don’t have light-year speed available. So…
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Harry Franqui-Rivera, Ph.D. is historian and author of Soldiers of the Nation: Military Service and Modern Puerto Rico, 1868-1952. He tweets from @hfranqui.
One of the most factual, well-reasoned, and comprehensive assessments of Puerto Rico’s status issue that I’ve read. A few comments: * I’m not guessing the final conclusion (” So . . .”). Is it ‘So, live with the colony?’ or ‘So, get ready for the long march?’ * I know Gov. Pierluisi well, and know that the more he has learned about Puerto Rico’s economy and governance, the more he has learned that equality is needed if Puerto Rico if to remain under the U.S. flag and prosper, which is what its people overwhelmingly want. * The Velazquez bill only had the purpose of trying to undermine the 2020 plebiscite and has no purpose now other than to preserve the colonial status quo. 1. Puerto Ricans have made a status choice in the most democratic self-determination possible: Their elected representatives, elected on a platform of seeking statehood, put the question to them. The courts rejected challenges to the plebiscite. Anyone opposed to statehood for any reason – or no reason – could vote “No.” Virtually as many people voted in the plebiscite as voted for at-large elected offices. They clearly chose statehood. The opposition reflected at least five other status proposals — and was together only a minority. 2. The status options are established in law and well known. Two of the five other status proposals are ones that would require some further definition — but they are the ones that the Federal government has consistently determined to be impossible — a “commonwealth” status and the real status of nationhood in an association with the U.S. that either nation could unilaterally end — but with U.S. citizenship in perpetuity. These are proposals but not options. 3. There can be no consensus among the real statuses because of their fundamental differences. 4. The lead sponsors betrayed their claim about a decolonization purpose to the Velazquez bill saying that the convention’s status “options” could include “any option other than the current territorial arrangement” in addition to statehood, independence, and free association: The U.S. has said for decades that there cannot be any other one. Twenty PPD Members of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives have just revealed i, too in a resolution that supports the bill if it is amended to add ‘territorial commonwealth’ as an option. Bottom line: there’s no purpose to a convention or the bill other than to preserve the colonial status quo. * The 2020 votes proved that support for a political party or candidate is no longer an indicator of support for statehood. * Consistent polling in the States shows that majorities of voters in the States support statehood by majority and 2-1 margins — with larger majorities among progressives, all Latinos, African-Americans, and the young and that the majorities among Puerto Ricans in the States is overwhelmingly large. * Finally, statehood will take some time but whether it will be light years or much sooner will depend upon national politics. This is far from unusual in the history of the U.S. One more point: Individuals can do whatever they want, of course, but those who believe in democracy must accept Puerto Rico’s democratic self-determination decision, just as I would have supported nationhood if a majority of Puerto Rico voters voted for it. Refusing to accept it is undemocratic, anti-self-determination, regressive, oppressive, and Trump-like. Again, excellent, thoughtful piece. Thank you, Harry Franqui-Rivera, for it.
Thanks for your thoughtful comment. At the end of the day- I believe- neither statehood nor independence stand a chance in the near future. I’ll explain further when I have the time to write on the prospects of independence. Thank you again.
Excellent opinion… and Puerto Rico should be always thankful from Jeffrey L. Farrow…
Statehood now the only realistic choice
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Excellent introspective analysis of the Puerto Rican identity crisis. I left the Island 25 years ago and moved to West Virginia, a State well known for their low income, low educated people and fanatical religious and political views…sounds familiar? West Virginia is one of the best case examples of the perception of what Puerto Rico is to many USA continental Americans…most people here don’t even know where Puerto Rico is on a map, don’t know Puerto Rican born people are US citizens and not Mexicans…they have absolutely nothing to gain from knowing anything about Puerto Rico or their peoples. If anything, Puerto Ricans will only come to compete for their God given benefits and white Americans rights. I find myself living in a familiar political and social environment…aside from the snow and cold, which I happen to like very much. Puerto Rico is very similar to West Virginia.
I am pro independence and will always be even though I know that it’s an impossibility within the scope of my lifetime.
Dr. Franqui-Rivera (rightfully) accuses the PNP of poorly managing questions about Puerto Rican nationhood and identity; ironically, he’s then a little too cavalier in dismissing concerns about statehood diminishing Puerto Rican culture. Yes, we’re still here. But are we whole and undamaged? Hardly. (And that’s acknowledging that not all “Americanization” is bad). Have stateside Puerto Ricans kept our culture alive? Sure; a version of it. Not necessarily better or worse, but undoubtedly different.
To take the issue of language alone, statehood would create legal requirements and/or massive incentives for English over Spanish that would subtly (or not-so-subtly) lead many Puerto Ricans, individually and institutionally, to preference the former over the latter in order to achieve full political, cultural, media, and civic inclusion in the polity to which they would belong. And that’s just one consequence we can easily foresee; surely, as the decades rolled along, there would be a hundred subtle changes we can’t even conceive of.
[…] Note: On January 30, the author wrote an opinion piece about the prospects for statehood in Puerto Rico. He followed up with the following opinion about […]